Stackelberg Game-based Optimal Operation Strategy for Distribution Networks and Multiple Rural Production Parks

This paper proposes a bi-level optimization scheduling strategy based on Stackelberg game theory for the distribution network–rural production park power system, considering demand response and shared energy storage. First, by analyzing the coordinated operation characteristics of distributed photovoltaics, cooling–heating–electrical demand response, and shared energy storage, an optimization model for the distribution network interconnected with multiple rural production parks is established, revealing the interactive coupling among heterogeneous resources and their impacts on system economics and operational stability. A Stackelberg game-based scheduling framework is then developed between the distribution network and multiple rural production parks to coordinate resources and balance multi-stakeholder interests. Finally, a power dispatch simulation model is implemented on the MATLAB/Simulink platform to validate the proposed strategy in terms of economic performance, peak-to-valley load reduction, and renewable energy integration. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with benchmark schemes, the proposed strategy improves operational economic benefit by 27.9% and reduces peak-period power purchase costs by 2,907 CNY, significantly enhancing overall system economics and sustainability.